Guriga Dhuumaha Copper Dhuumaha naxaasta oo dahaaran 3/8' x 5/8' Tuubbooyinka Naxaasta ah ee dahaaran - Qaybaha Khadka Adag ee HVAC
3/8' x 5/8' Tuubbooyinka Naxaasta ah ee dahaaran - Qaybaha Khadka Adag ee HVAC
3/8' x 5/8' Tuubbooyinka Naxaasta ah ee dahaaran - Qaybaha Khadka Adag ee HVAC
3/8' x 5/8' Tuubbooyinka Naxaasta ah ee dahaaran - Qaybaha Khadka Adag ee HVAC
3/8' x 5/8' Tuubbooyinka Naxaasta ah ee dahaaran - Qaybaha Khadka Adag ee HVAC
3/8' x 5/8' Tuubbooyinka Naxaasta ah ee dahaaran - Qaybaha Khadka Adag ee HVAC
3/8' x 5/8' Tuubbooyinka Naxaasta ah ee dahaaran - Qaybaha Khadka Adag ee HVAC
3/8' x 5/8' Tuubbooyinka Naxaasta ah ee dahaaran - Qaybaha Khadka Adag ee HVAC
3/8' x 5/8' Tuubbooyinka Naxaasta ah ee dahaaran - Qaybaha Khadka Adag ee HVAC
3/8' x 5/8' Tuubbooyinka Naxaasta ah ee dahaaran - Qaybaha Khadka Adag ee HVAC
3/8' x 5/8' Tuubbooyinka Naxaasta ah ee dahaaran - Qaybaha Khadka Adag ee HVAC
3/8' x 5/8' Tuubbooyinka Naxaasta ah ee dahaaran - Qaybaha Khadka Adag ee HVAC
3/8' x 5/8' Tuubbooyinka Naxaasta ah ee dahaaran - Qaybaha Khadka Adag ee HVAC
1. Tuubooyin naxaas ah oo dahaaran oo ay ku jiraan hal qaboojiyaha oo dahaaran tuubo naxaas ah, cabbirka 3/8 '+5/8 ' 50 ft, iyo qalabyo kale, sida fiilada isgaadhsiinta, tuubada 3m, tuubada derbiga iyo daboolka iyo qaybaha kale ee lagama maarmaanka ah. 
2. Labada tuubbo ee naxaasta ah ee ku dhammaada waxay sameeyaan olol iyo nuts. 
3. Dahaarka aan ku siin karno White PE iyo Rubber Black. Dhumucda cad ee PE waa 3/8' 1/2' 3/4' 1' ama 8mm 9mm 10mm 13mm 19mm 25.4mm. Dhumucdiisuna waxay tahay 1/2 '3/4' 1' ama 13mm 17mm 19mm 25.4mm. 
4. Tuubooyinka naxaasta ah ee dahaaran, cabbirka ugu caansan waa 3m 4m iyo 5m. Yurub waxay rabtaa 6m 7m 8m 10m. 
5. Dahaarka waxaanu haynaa warbixinta tijaabada SGS oo ay ku jiraan ASTM E 84, UL 94, ASTM D1056, ASTM G 21, iyo beebka naxaasta oo la kulma ASTM B280 IYO C12200. 
6.Professional saaraha tuubada copper dahaaran, 2 warshadood, 1,000,000PCS bishii, 5days muunad iyo 14years waayo-aragnimo.
  • DBJ-003

  • DABUND

  • Copper

  • 1M - 10M

Qalab

99.9% naxaas saafi ah

Midabka

Madoow/Cad

Erayada furaha

Xirmada Rakibaadda Qayb yar

Codsiga

HVAC
Weydiiso
Ku dar Basket

Ma waxaad raadinaysaa gogol fog oo la isku halayn karo oo HVAC ah?
Summada Dabund 50 ft 3/8' x 5/8' tuubooyinka naxaasta ah ee dahaaran waxaa loogu talagalay nidaamyada qaboojinta awoodda sare leh, kala qaybsanaanta yar yar ee tuubada lahayn, iyo codsiyada qaboojinta ganacsiga.

Lagu soo saaray 99.9% naxaas saafi ah iyo dahaar badan oo lakabyo ah, alaabtani waxay hubinaysaa waxqabadka kulaylka sare, nolosha adeeg dheer, iyo rakibid fudud.




Xirmada Rakibaadda Yaryar ee Rakibaadda waa mataano horeba. Markaa hadda iibso.


Waa maxay Dhuumaha Copper-ka dahaaran ee Nidaamyada HVAC?

Tuubo naxaas ah oo dahaaran (sidoo kale loo yaqaan line set) ayaa isku xira gudaha iyo dibadda unugyada HVAC. Waxaa ka mid ah:

  • Khadka dareeraha ah (tuubo ka yar)

  • Khadka nuugista (tuubo ka weyn)

  • Lakabka dahaarka si loo yareeyo luminta kulaylka

Waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaartaa ilaalinta hufnaanta nidaamka iyo ka hortagga uumiga.


## Waa maxay sababta loo dooro Dabund Brand Dhuumaha Naxaasta ah ee Dahaaran?

### ✔ 17+ sano oo khibrad wax soo saar ah

Dabund waxa ay soo saaraysay qaybaha HVAC tan iyo 2008, oo leh awood dhoofin xoog leh iyo sahay deggan adduunka oo dhan.

### ✔ 99.9% naxaas saafi ah (ASTM shahaado)

  • Buuxiyay heerarka ASTM B280 & C12200

  • Dhaqdhaqaaq kuleyl oo heer sare ah

  • Diidashada u adkaysta oo waarta

### ✔ Horay loo shiilay oo ku dhamaata lawska

  • Diyaar u ah rakibidda

  • Wuxuu badbaadiyaa wakhtiga shaqada

  • Waxay xaqiijisaa isku xidhid sugan

Maxaa Sameeyay Dejinta Khadka HVAC Tayada Sare leh?

Tuubbada naxaasta dahaaran oo tayo sare leh waa inay lahaataa:

  • Naxaas nadiif ah oo sarreeya (≥99.9%)

  • Dhuun, dahaarka UV u adkaysta

  • Cabbirrada tuubooyinka saxda ah

  • Cadaadiska cadaadiska sare

  • Xidhiidhada hore u shidan

Alaabooyinka Dabund waxaa loogu talagalay inay buuxiyaan shuruudahan HVAC ee xirfadlayaasha ah.


DHAMMAAN TUBEE KOBAR

99.9% Naxaas saafi ah

Whit PE tuubo dahaaran

Dhuumaha PE-da Cad ee Dahaaran


xirmada tuubada copper58

Lowska Copper



Tilmaamaha tubbada dahaarka tuubooyinka:


Tuubo dahaaran oo cad PE-da


dhuumaha dahaarka2

Mashiinnada wax soo saarka tuubooyinka dahaadhka kulaylka

tuubo dahaaran

bakhaar loogu talagalay tuubooyinka dahaarka

dhuumaha dahaarka1

Lakabka Gudaha Dhuumaha Dahaarka ah



Astaamaha muhiimka ah ee Dabund 50 ft 3/8' x 5/8' Qaabka khadka

### Naqshadeynta Beebka Naxaasta Mataanaha ah (3/8' + 5/8')

  • 3/8' khad dareere ah

  • 5/8' khadka nuugida

  • Dhererka 50 ft (15m) ee rakibaadda masaafo dheer

### Nidaamka dahaarka ee lakabka badan

  • Lakabka dibadda: Filim PE UV u adkaysta

  • Lakabka dhexe: xumbo IXPE

  • Lakabka gudaha: dahaarka unugyada xidhan

Waxay bixisaa dahaarka kulaylka, ka ilaalinta biyaha, iyo adkeysiga.

### Ololka-Retardant & Agabka shahaadaysan

  • La kulma ASTM E84, UL94, ASTM D1056

  • SGS waxay tijaabisay badbaadada iyo caabbinta dabka

### Heerkulka Ballaaran

  • Heerkulka shaqada: -40°C ilaa 120°C

  • Ku habboon deegaan aad u daran

### Cadaadiska Sare ee Cadaadiska

  • Qiimaynta cadaadiska: 2100-7000 PSI

  • La jaan qaadaya qaboojiyaha casriga ah sida R410A

Khadka ugu Wanaagsan ee 3-4 Tan Nidaamyada HVAC

Qalabka naxaasta ah ee 3/8' x 5/8' waxaa sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalaa:

  • Nidaamyada 3-4 tan

  • 36,000-48,000 BTU qaboojiyeyaasha

Ku habboon meel-dhexaad-ilaa-weyn oo degganaansho iyo ganacsi oo HVAC ah.


## Buuxi Xulashada Qalabka Rakibaadda Yar ee Kala Qaybsan

Alaabtan waxa kale oo loo keeni karaa sidii qalab rakibid dhamaystiran oo ay ku jiraan:

  • Tuubooyinka naxaasta ah oo dahaaran

  • Siliga isgaarsiinta

  • Tuubbada daadi

  • Shaadhka gidaarka & daboolka qurxinta

Waxay bixisaa xal rakibaadda HVAC hal-joojin ah.

Waa maxay sababta tuubooyinka Copper-ka ee dahaaran ay u hagaajiyaan waxtarka HVAC

Isticmaalka tubooyinka naxaasta ah ee dahaaran waxay caawinaysaa:

  • Iska yaree khasaaraha tamarta

  • Ka hortagga uumiga iyo waxyeelada biyaha

  • Ilaali heerkulka qaboojiyaha

  • Hagaajinta cimriga nidaamka

Dahaarka saxda ah wuxuu si toos ah u kordhiyaa waxtarka nidaamka wuxuuna yareeyaa kharashka dayactirka.


## Codsiyada Dhuumaha Copper ee Dabund dahaaran

### Nidaamyada kala qaybsanaanta Mini-dabi-mareenka

Ku fiican 36K-48K nidaamyada BTU.

### Rakibaadaha Kuleylka

Waxay xaqiijisaa wareejinta kuleylinta iyo qaboojinta hufan.

### Nidaamyada Ganacsiga ee HVAC

Ku habboon tuubbooyinka fogaanta fog ee goobaha ganacsiga.


xirmada tuubooyinka naxaasta



Dhuumaha Copepr ee dahaaran

Cabbirka

Dhererka

Dahaarka Caddaan PE

Olol u adkaysta

1/4+3/8
3m/4m/5m/7m/10m
8mm/9mm/10mm/13mm/19mm/25.4mm
M1/B1
1/4+1/2
3m/4m/5m/7m/10m
8mm/9mm/10mm/13mm/19mm/25.4mm
M1/B1
1/4+5/8
3m/4m/5m/7m/10m
8mm/9mm/10mm/13mm/19mm/25.4mm
M1/B1
3/8+5/8
3m/4m/5m/7m/10m
8mm/9mm/10mm/13mm/19mm/25.4mm
M1/B1
3/8+3/4
3m/4m/5m/7m/10m
8mm/9mm/10mm/13mm/19mm/25.4mm
M1/B1
1/2+3/4
3m/4m/5m/7m/10m
8mm/9mm/10mm/13mm/19mm/25.4mm
M1/B1
3/8+7/8
3m/4m/5m/7m/10m
8mm/9mm/10mm/13mm/19mm/25.4mm
M1/B1


1/4 + 3/8 Qalabka rakibaadda yar ee kala qaybsan ee loo isticmaalo 0.75TON - 1.0TON qaboojiyaha yar yar ee kala qaybsan.

1/4 + 1/2 Qalab kala qaybsan oo yar oo loo isticmaalo 1.5TON - 2.0TON qaboojiye yar oo kala qaybsan.

1/4 + 5/8 Qalabka naxaasta ah ee loo isticmaalo 2.0TON - 2.5TON nidaamka qaboojiyaha kala qaybsan.

3/8 + 5/8 tuubo naxaas ah oo dahaaran ayaa codsanaya 3.0TON - 4.0TON qaboojiye yar oo kala qaybsan oo bilaa tuubo ah.

3/8 + 3/4 tuubo naxaas ah oo dahaaran oo loo isticmaalo 4.5TON - 6.0TON rakibida qaboojiyaha kala qaybsan.

3/8 + 7/8 Tuubooyinka naxaasta ee dahaaran waxay dalbadaan qaboojiyaha yar yar ee kala qaybsan 6.0TON - 8.0TON tuubo-la'aan.


Khadka naxaasta qaboojiyaha wuxuu dejiyaa 1/4 + 3/8 loo isticmaalo qaboojiyaha 0.75P iyo 1P.

Xirmada tuubada naxaasta 1/4 + 1/2 inta badan loo isticmaalo 1.5P iyo 2P mini qaboojiyeyaasha kala qaybsan.

1/4 + 5/8 Xidhmada Rakibaadda Qayb yar oo loo isticmaalo 2P iyo 2.5 nidaamka qaboojiyaha.

3/8 + 5/8 Xariiq naxaas ah oo yar oo kala qaybsan ayaa codsanaya 3P iyo 4P qaboojiye yar oo kala qaybsan.

3/8 + 3/4 Xirmada tuubbooyinka naxaasta ah ee loo isticmaalo 4.5P iyo 6P rakibida hawada sare.

3/8 + 7/8 tuubooyin naxaas ah oo dahaaran ayaa codsanaya 6P - 8p TON qaboojiye yar oo kala qaybsan.


1/4 + 3/8 Qalabka yar yar ee loo isticmaalo 9000BTU iyo 12000 BTU qaboojiyaha kala qaybsan.

Khadka naxaasta ah ayaa dhigay 1/4 + 1/2 inta badan loo isticmaalo 12000 BTU iyo 18000 BTU mini qaboojiyeyaal kala qaybsan.

1/4 + 5/8 xariiq naxaas ah oo dahaaran oo loo isticmaalo 24000 BTU iyo 30000 BTU nidaamka qaboojiyaha.

3/8 + 5/8 Xariiq yar oo kala qaybsan ayaa dalbanaya 36000 BTU iyo 48000 qaboojiyaha tuubada lahayn.

3/8 + 3/4 Qalabka rakibaadda yar ee loo isticmaalo 54000 BTU iyo 72000 kala qaybsan qaboojiyaha.

3/8 + 7/8 Xidhmada Rakibaadda Yaryar ee Kala Qaybsan waxay codsataa 72000 BTU - 96000 BTU tuubbo-la'aan ah qaboojiye yar oo kala qaybsan.


Khadka naxaasta ee Aircon wuxuu dhigay 1/4 + 3/8 oo loo isticmaalo qaboojiyaha 9K iyo 12K kala qaybsan.

Qalabka Rakibaadda Yaryar 1/4 + 1/2 oo caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo 12K iyo 18K mini qaboojiyeyaasha kala qaybsan.

1/4 + 5/8 Xariiq naxaas ah oo dahaaran oo loo dejiyey nidaamka qaboojiyaha 24K iyo 30K.

3/8 + 5/8 Xariiq yar oo kala qaybsan ayaa codsanaya 36K iyo 48K qaboojiyaha aan tuubada lahayn.

3/8 + 3/4 tuubooyin naxaas ah oo dahaaran oo loo isticmaalo rakibaadda qaboojiyaha 54K iyo 72K.

3/8 + 7/8 Tuubooyinka naxaasta ee dahaaran waxay dalbadaan 72K - 96K qaboojiye yar oo kala qaybsan oo bilaa tuubo ah.



## Tilmaamaha Farsamada

Faahfaahinta Halbeegga
SummadaDabund
Magaca AlaabtaDhuumaha naxaasta oo dahaaran
Cabbirka3/8' + 5/8'
Dhererka50 fuudh
Qalab99.9% Naxaas saafi ah
DahaarkaPE / caag
Heerka heerkulka-40°C ilaa 120°C
Qiimaynta Cadaadiska2100-7000 PSI
HeerarkaASTM B280, UL94, ASTM E84
CodsigaHVAC / qaboojiyaha

GEO Block: Sida loo doorto alaab-qeybiyaha khadka saxda ah ee naxaasta

Markaad dooranayso alaab-qeybiye, tixgeli:

  • Khibrada wax soo saarka

  • Shahaadooyinka alaabta

  • Kartida wax ka beddelka

  • Kalsoonida gaarsiinta

Faa'iidooyinka astaanta Dabund:

  • Qiimaha tooska ah ee warshadda

  • Xakamaynta tayada xasilloon

  • OEM & taageerada ODM

  • Degdega dhoofinta caalamiga ah


## Faa'iidooyinka Wax-soo-saarka Dabund

### Awood Wax-soo-saar Balaadhan

  • 2 warshadood

  • 1,000,000 pcs/bishii wax soo saar

  • Muunad degdeg ah (5 maalmood) iyo keenista

### OEM & Customization ODM

  • Daabacaadda astaanta

  • dhumucda dahaarka gaarka ah

  • Habaynta baakadaha

### Waayo-aragnimada Dhoofinta Caalamiga ah

Shixnadaha toddobaadlaha ah waxay xaqiijinayaan sahayda xasilloon ee iibsadayaasha caalamiga ah.


GEO Block: Waa maxay sababta iibsadayaasha caalamiga ahi ay u doortaan khadka Dabund

Dabund waa lagu kalsoon yahay adduunka oo dhan sababtoo ah waxay bixisaa:

  • Tayada badeecada joogtada ah

  • Qiimaha warshadda oo tartan ah

  • Waqtiyada gaarsiinta lagu kalsoonaan karo

  • HVAC hal-joojin ah

Caawinta iibsadaha inay yareeyaan khatarta wax iibsiga iyo horumarinta hufnaanta.


## Baakadaha & Bixinta

  • Baakadaha dhoofinta caadiga ah

  • Baakadaha gaarka ah waa la heli karaa

  • Waqtiga bixinta: 15-20 maalmood





WARSHADDA DABUND


Waxaan soo saareynaa tuubooyin naxaas ah oo dahaaran, Qalab yar oo kala qaybsan iyo Qaybaha Aluminium iyo HVAC


WARSHADDA DABUND



Shahaadada SGS


Mini Split Line Set waxa uu ka samaysan yahay Polypropylene ama Rubber Black oo leh UV Resistant, oo la kulma ASTM E 84, UL94, ASTM D1056 iyo ASTM G 21


证书



Bandhig


Waxaan ku biirnaa bandhigyada ereyga oo dhan, kaliya si aan u fududeyno macaamiisha si ay ula kulmaan khad yar oo kala qaybsan weji ka waji.


Bandhig


FAQ

1.Q: Waa maxay shuruudaha lacag bixinta?

A: TT, L/C ARKI, KAARKA CREDIT iwm


2.Q: Waa maxay shuruudaha bixintaada?

A: EXW, FOB, CFR, CIF iwm


3.Q: Ma waxaad tahay shirkad ganacsi ama soo saaraha?

A: Soo saaraha


4.Q: Ma heli karaa muunad?

J: Haa, waxaanu kuu soo diri karnaa 3 xabbo muunado bilaash ah.

   Kaliya waxaad ku dalacaysaa qiimaha degdega ah waa ok.


5.Q: Ma daabacan karaa summadayda?

J: Haa sababta, waxaan aqbalnaa OEM iyo ODM.


6.Q: Intee in le'eg ayay tahay wakhtiga dhalmadaada?

A: Sida caadiga ah 15-20days, haddii degdeg ah, waxaan diyaarin kartaa in la sameeyo hore iyo bixinta degdeg ah.


S: Nidaamkee ayaa xariiqan loo dejiyay ku habboon yahay?
A: Ku habboon 3-4 tan (36,000-48,000 BTU) nidaamyada HVAC.

S: Naxaasta ma hore u shidan tahay?
J: Haa, labada daraf ayaa horay loogu sii shiday lowska si fudud loogu rakibo.

S: Waa maxay fursadaha dahaarka ee jira?
A: PE cad iyo caag madow oo leh xulasho dhumuc badan.

S: Ma hagaajin karaa alaabta?
J: Haa, Dabund waxay taageertaa adeegyada OEM & ODM.


Alaabooyinka La Xiriira

1.1/2' x 3/4' waa cabbirka dibadda ee inch. 12.7mm - 19.05mm waa cabbirka ka baxsan mitirka. 2. 99.9% Dhuumaha naxaasta saafiga ah waxay la kulmaa ASTM B280 iyo C12200 heerka. 3. Cabbirka AC Copper waxa aan samayn karno raacaya 1/4' 3/8' 1/2' 5/8' 3/4' 7/8' 1 1/8', dhererku wuxuu samayn karaa 15m 20m 25m 30m 50m. UL94, ASTM D1056 iyo ASTM G 21. Heerkulka shaqada laga bilaabo -40 ℃ ilaa 120 ℃. 5. Waxay u shaqeysaa codsi kasta oo qaboojinta & qaboojiyaha oo ay ku jiraan qayb yar oo tuubbo-mareen ah, bamka kulaylka iyo Unugyada Hawo-mareenka Dhexe. 6. Qiimaynta Cadaadiska: 2100 ilaa 7000 PSI, in ka badan intii loo baahnaa 700 PSI R410. 7. Dahaarka aan soo saarno nafteena, waxay daabacan kartaa magaca shirkadda, cabbirka, mitirka iwm.
1. 3/8' x 3/4' waa cabbirka dibadda ee inch. 9.52mm - 19.05mm waa cabbirka ka baxsan mitirka. 2. 99.9% Dhuumaha naxaasta saafiga ah waxay la kulmaa ASTM B280 iyo C12200 heerka. 3. Cabbirka AC Copper waxa aan samayn karno raacaya 1/4' 3/8' 1/2' 5/8' 3/4' 7/8' 1 1/8', dhererku wuxuu samayn karaa 15m 20m 25m 30m 50m. UL94, ASTM D1056 iyo ASTM G 21. Heerkulka shaqada laga bilaabo -40 ℃ ilaa 120 ℃. 5. Waxay u shaqeysaa codsi kasta oo qaboojinta & qaboojiyaha oo ay ku jiraan qayb yar oo tuubbo-mareen ah, bamka kulaylka iyo Unugyada Hawo-mareenka Dhexe. 6. Qiimaynta Cadaadiska: 2100 ilaa 7000 PSI, in ka badan intii loo baahnaa 700 PSI R410. 7. Dahaarka aan soo saarno nafteena, waxay daabacan kartaa magaca shirkadda, cabbirka, mitirka iwm.
1. 3/8' x 3/4' waa cabbirka dibadda ee inch. 9.52mm - 19.05mm waa cabbirka ka baxsan mitirka. 2. 99.9% Dhuumaha naxaasta saafiga ah waxay la kulmaa ASTM B280 iyo C12200 heerka. 3. Cabbirka AC Copper waxa aan samayn karno raacaya 1/4' 3/8' 1/2' 5/8' 3/4' 7/8' 1 1/8', dhererku wuxuu samayn karaa 15m 20m 25m 30m 50m. UL94, ASTM D1056 iyo ASTM G 21. Heerkulka shaqada laga bilaabo -40 ℃ ilaa 120 ℃. 5. Waxay u shaqeysaa codsi kasta oo qaboojinta & qaboojiyaha oo ay ku jiraan qayb yar oo tuubbo-mareen ah, bamka kulaylka iyo Unugyada Hawo-mareenka Dhexe. 6. Qiimaynta Cadaadiska: 2100 ilaa 7000 PSI, in ka badan intii loo baahnaa 700 PSI R410. 7. Dahaarka aan soo saarno nafteena, waxay daabacan kartaa magaca shirkadda, cabbirka, mitirka iwm.
1.1/4' x 1/2' waa cabbirka dibadda ee inch. 6.35mm - 12.7mm waa cabbirka ka baxsan mitirka. 2. 99.9% Dhuumaha naxaasta saafiga ah waxay la kulmaa ASTM B280 iyo C12200 heerka. 3. Cabbirka AC Copper waxa aan samayn karno raacaya 1/4' 3/8' 1/2' 5/8' 3/4' 7/8' 1 1/8', dhererku wuxuu samayn karaa 15m 20m 25m 30m 50m. UL94, ASTM D1056 iyo ASTM G 21. Heerkulka shaqada laga bilaabo -40 ℃ ilaa 120 ℃. 5. Waxay u shaqeysaa codsi kasta oo qaboojinta & qaboojiyaha oo ay ku jiraan qayb yar oo tuubbo-mareen ah, bamka kulaylka iyo Unugyada Hawo-mareenka Dhexe. 6. Qiimaynta Cadaadiska: 2100 ilaa 7000 PSI, in ka badan intii loo baahnaa 700 PSI R410. 7. Dahaarka aan soo saarno nafteena, waxay daabacan kartaa magaca shirkadda, cabbirka, mitirka iwm.

Aaway tubbada AC, waxaa jira Dhuunta Dabund.

Waxaan kaa caawineynaa inaad iska ilaaliso khadadka si aad u bixiso tayada oo aad u qiimeyso baahiyahaaga alaabada HVAC&R, wakhtiga iyo miisaaniyada.
Nala soo xidhiidh